[escepticos] How to Build a Flying Saucer (DEL iNTERNES)

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How to Build a Flying Saucer
Prepared by MultiMedia Magic, Inc. 1
How to Build a Flying
Saucer After
So Many Amateurs Have Failed
An essay in Speculative
Engineering
by T. B. Pawlicki
At the end of the
nineteenth century, the most distinguished scientists and
engineers declared that no known combination of materials and locomotion
could be
assembled into a practical flying machine. Fifty years later another
generation of
distinguished scientists and engineers declared that it was
technologically infeasible for
a rocket ship to reach the moon. Nevertheless, men were getting off the
ground and out
into space even while these words were uttered.
In the last half of the twentieth century, when technology is advancing
faster than
reports can reach the public, it is fashionable to hold the
pronouncements of yesterday?s
experts to ridicule. But there is something anomalous about the
consistency with which
eminent authorities fail to recognize technological advances even while
they are being
made. You must bear in mind that these men are not given to making
public
pronouncements in haste; their conclusions are reached after exhaustive
calculations and
proofs, and they are better informed about their subject than anyone else
alive. But by
and large, revolutionary advances in technology do not contribute to the
advantage of
established experts, so they tend to believe that the challenge cannot
possibly be
realized.
The UFO phenomenon is a perversity in the annals of revolutionary
engineering.
On the one hand, public authorities deny the existence of flying saucers
and prove their
existence to be impossible. This is just as we should expect from
established experts.
But on the other hand, people who believe that flying saucers exist have
produced
findings that only tend to prove that UFOs are technologically infeasible
by any known
combination of materials and locomotion.
There is reason to suspect that the people who believe in the existence
of UFOs
do not want to discover the technology because it is not in the true
believer?s self interest
that a flying saucer be within the capability of human engineering. The
true believer
wants to believe that UFOs are of extraterrestrial origin because he is
seeking some kind
of relief from debt and taxes by an alliance with superhuman 
powers.
If anyone with mechanical ability really wanted to know how a saucer
flies, he
would study the testimonies to learn the flight characteristics of this
craft, and then ask,
?How can we do this saucer thing?? This is probably what Werner Von Braun
said
when he decided that it was in his self-interest to launch man into
space: ?How can we
get this bird off the ground, and keep it off??
Well, what is a flying saucer? It is a disc-shaped craft about thirty
feet in
diameter with a dome in the center accommodating the crew and,
presumably, the
operating machinery. And it flies. So let us begin by building a
disc-shaped airfoil,
mount the cockpit and the engine under a central canopy, and see if we
can make it fly.
As a matter of fact, during World War II the United States actually
constructed a
number of experimental aircraft conforming to these specifications, and
photographs of
the craft are published from time to time in popular magazines about
science and flight.
It is highly likely that some of the UFO reports before 1950 were
sightings of these test
flights. See how easy it is when you ?want? to find answers to a
mystery?
How to Build a Flying
Saucer
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The mythical saucer
also flies at incredible speeds. Well, the speeds believed
possible depend upon the time and place of the observer. As stated
earlier, a hundred
years ago, twenty-five miles per hour was legally prohibited in the
belief that such a
terrific velocity would endanger human life. So replace the propeller of
the experimental
disc airfoil with a modern aerojet engine. Is mach 3 fast enough for
believers?
But the true saucer not only flies, it also hovers. You mean like a
Hovercraft? One
professional engineer translated Ezekiel?s description of heavenly ships
as a helicoptercum-
hovercraft.
But what of the anomalous electromagnetic effects manifest in the
space
surrounding a flying saucer? Well, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a prototype
of an
electronic device that was eventually developed into the electron
microscope, the
television screen, an aerospace engine called the Ion Drive. Since World
War II, the
engineering of the Ion Drive has been advanced as the most promising
solution to the
propulsion of interplanetary spaceships. The drive operates by charging
atomic particles
and directing them with electro-magnetic force as a jet to the rear,
generating a forward
thrust in reaction. The advantage of the Ion Drive over chemical rockets
is that a
spaceship can sweep in the ions it needs from its flight path, like an
aerojet sucks in air
through its engines. Therefore, the ship must carry only the fuel it
needs to generate the
power for its chargers; there is no need to carry dead weight in the form
of rocket
exhaust. There is another advantage to be derived from ion rocketry: The
top speed of a
reaction engine is limited by the ejection velocity of its exhaust. An
ion jet is close to the
speed of light. If space travel is ever to be practical, transport will
have to achieve a
large fraction of the speed of light.
In 1972 the French journal Science et Avenir reported Franco-American
research
into a method of ionizing the airstream flowing over the wings to
eliminate sonic boom, a
serious objection to the commercial success of the Concorde. Four years
later a picture
appeared in an American tabloid of a model aircraft showing the current
state of
development. The photograph shows a disc-shaped craft, but not so thin as
a saucer; it
looks more like a flying curling stone. In silent flight, the ionized air
flowing around the
craft glows as a proper ufo should. The last word comes from an
engineering professor
at the local university; he has begun construction of a flying saucer in
his backyard.
To the true believer, the flying saucer has no jet. It seems to fly by
some kind of
antigravity. As antigravity is not known to exist in physical theory or
experimental fact
in popular science, the saucer is clearly alien and beyond human
comprehension. But
antigravity depends upon what you conceive gravity to be, doesn?t
it?
For all practical purposes, you do not have to understand what Newton
and
Einstien mean by gravity. Gravity is an acceleration downward, to the
center of the
earth. Therefore, antigravity is an acceleration upward. As far as
practical engineering is
concerned, any means to achieve a gain in altitude is an antigravity
engine. An airplane;
a balloon; a rocket; a stepladder; all are antigravity engines. See how
easy it is to invent
an antigravity engine?
There are three basic kinds of locomotive engines. The primary principle
is
traction. The foot and the wheel are traction engines. The traction
engines depend upon
friction against a surrounding medium to generate movement, and
locomotion can
proceed only as far and as speedily as the surrounding friction will
provide. The second
principle is displacement. The balloon and the submarine rise by
displacing a denser
medium; they descend by displacing less that their weight. The tertiary
drive is the
rocket engine. A rocket is driven by reaction from the mass of material
it ejects. Although
a rocket is most efficient when not impeded by a surrounding medium, it
must carry not
only it?s fuel but also the mass it must eject. As a consequence, the
rocket is impractical
How to Build a Flying
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where powerful
acceleration is required for extended drives. In chemical rocketry,
ten
minutes is a long burn for powered flight. What is needed for practical
antigravity
locomotion is a fourth principle which does not depend upon a surrounding
medium or
ejection of mass.
You must take notice that none of the principles of locomotion required
any new
discovery. they have all been around for thousands of years, and
engineering only
implemented the principle with increasing efficiency. A fourth principle
of locomotion
has also been around for thousands of years: It is centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force is
the principle of the military sling and the medieval catapult.
Everyone knows that centrifugal force can overcome gravity. If directed
upward,
centrifugal force can be used to drive an antigravity engine. The problem
engineers have
been unable to solve is that centrifugal force is generated in all
directions on the plane of
the centrifuge. It won?t provide locomotion unless the force can be
concentrated in one
direction. The solution of the sling, of releasing the wheeling at the
instant the centrifugal
force is directed along the ballistic trajectory, has all the
inefficiencies of a cannon. The
difficulty of the problem is not real, however. There is a mental block
preventing people
from perceiving a centrifuge as anything other than a flywheel.
A bicycle wheel is a flywheel. If you remove the rim and tire, leaving
only the
spokes sticking out of the hub, you still have a flywheel. In fact,
spokes alone make a
more efficient flywheel than the complete wheel; this is because momentum
only goes up
only in proportion to mass but with the square of speed. Spokes are made
of drawn
steel with extreme tensile strength, so spokes alone can generate the
highest level of
centrifugal force long after the rim and tire have disintegrated. But
spokes alone still
generate centrifugal force equally in all directions from the plane of
rotation. All you
have to do to concentrate centrifugal force in one direction is remove
all the spokes but
one. That one spoke still functions as a flywheel, even though it is not
a wheel any
longer.
See how easy it is once you accept an attitude of solving one problem at
a time
as you come to it? You can even add a weight to the end of the spoke to
increase the
centrifugal force.
But our centrifuge still generates a centrifugal force acceleration in
all directions
around the plane of rotation even though it doesn?t generate acceleration
equally in all
directions at the same time. All we have managed to do is make the whole
ball of wire
wobble around the common center of mass between the axle and free end of
the spoke.
To solve this problem, now that we have come to it, we need merely to
accelerate the
spoke through a few degrees of arc and then let it complete the cycle of
revolution
without power. As long as it is accelerated during the same arc at each
cycle, the
locomotive will lurch in one direction, albeit intermittently. But don?t
forget that the
piston engine also drives intermittently. The regular centrifugal pulses
can be evened out
by mounting several centrifuges on the same axle so that a pulse from
another flywheel
takes over as soon as one pulse of power is past it?s arc.
The next problem facing us is that the momentum imparted to the
centrifugal
spoke is carries it all around the cycle with little loss of velocity.
The amount of
concentrated centrifugal force carrying the engine in the desired
direction is too low to be
practical. Momentum is half the product of mass multiplied by velocity
squared.
Therefore, what we need is a spoke that has a tremendous velocity with
minimal mass.
They don?t make spokes like that for bicycle wheels. A search through the
engineers?
catalog however, turns up just the kind of centrifuge we need. An
electron has no mass
at rest (you cannot find a smaller minimum mass than that); all it?s mass
is inherent in
its velocity. So we build an electron raceway in the shape of a doughnut
in which we can
How to Build a Flying
Saucer
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accelerate an
electron to a speed close to that of light. As the speed of light 
is
approached, the energy of acceleration is converted to a momentum
approaching
infinity. As it happens, an electron accelerator answering our need was
developed by the
University of California during the last years of World War II. It is
called a betatron, and
the doughnut is small enough to be carried comfortably in a man?s
hands.
We can visualize the operation of the Mark I from what is known about
particle
accelerators. To begin with, high energy electrons ionize the air
surrounding them. This
causes the betatrons to glow like an annular neon tube. Therefore, around
the rim of the
saucer a ring of lights will glow like a string of shining beads at
night. The power required
for flight will ionize enough of the surrounding atmosphere to short out
all electrical
wiring in the vicinity unless it is specially shielded. In theory, the
top speed of the Mark I
is close to the speed of light; in practice there are many more problems
to be solved
before relativistic speeds can be approached.
The peculiar property of microwaves heating all material containing the
water
molecule means that any animal luckless enough to be nearby may be cooked
from the
inside out; vegetation will be scorched where a saucer lands; and any
rocks containing
water of crystallization will be blasted. Every housewife with a
microwave knows all
this; only hard-headed scientists and soft-headed true believers are
completely
dumbfounded. The UFOnauts would be cooked by their own engines, too, if
they left the
flight deck without shielding. This probably explains why a pair of
UFOnauts, in a
widely published photograph, wear reflective plastic jumpsuits. Mounting
the betatrons
outboard on a disc is an efficient way to get them away from the crew?s
compartment,
and the plating of the hull shields the interior. At high accelerations,
increasing amounts
of power are transformed into radiation, making the centrifugal drive
inefficient in strong
gravitational fields. The most practical employment of this engineering
is for large
spacecraft, never intended to land. The flying saucers we see are very
likely scouting
craft sent from mother ships moored in orbit. For brief periods of
operation, the heavy
fuel consumption of the Mark I can be tolerated, along with radiation
leakage -
especially when the planet being scouted is not your own.
When you compare the known operating features of particle centrifuges
with the
eyewitness testimony, it is fairly evident that any expert claiming
flying saucers to be
utterly beyond any human explanation is not doing his homework, and he
should be
reexamined for his professional license.
For dramatic purpose, I have classified the development of the flying
saucer
through five stages:
Mark I - Electronic centrifuges mounted around a fixed disc,
outboard.
Mark II - Electronic centrifuges mounted outboard around a rotating
disc.
Mark III - Electronic centrifuges mounted outboard around a rotating
disc, period
of cycles tuned to harmonize with ley lines, for jet assist.
Mark IV - Particle centrifuge tuned to modify time coordinates by faster
than
light travel. Mark V - No centrifuge. Solid state coils and crystal
harmonics transforms ambient field directly for dematerialization
and
rematerialization at destinations in time and space.
Now that the UFO phenomenon has been demystified and reduced to
human
ken, we can proceed to prove the theory. If your resources are like those
of the PLO, you
can go ahead and build your own flying saucer without any further
information from me,
but I have nothing to work with except the junk I can find around the
house. I found an
old electric motor that had burned out, but still had a few turns left in
it. I drilled a hole
through the driving axle so that an eight inch bar would slide freely
through it. I mounted
How to Build a Flying
Saucer
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the motor on a
chassis so that the bar would rotate on an eccentric cam. In this way
in
end of the bar was always extended in the same direction while the other
end was
always pressed into the driving axle. As both ends had the same angular
velocity at all
times, the end extending out from the axle would always have a higher
angular
momentum. This resulted in a concentration of centrifugal acceleration in
one direction.
when I plugged the in the motor, the sight of my brainchild lurching
ahead - unsteadily,
but in a constant direction, - gave me a bigger thrill than my baptism of
sex - lasted
longer, too. But not much longer. In less than twenty seconds the
burned-out motor
gasped its last and died in a puff of smoke; the test run was broadcast
on radio
microphone but the spectacle was lost without television. Because my
prototype did not
survive long enough to run in two directions I had to declare the test
inconclusive
because of mechanical breakdown. So, what the hell, the Wright brothers
didn?t get far
off the ground the first time they tried either. Now that I know the
critter will move, it is
worthwhile to put a few bucks in to a new motor, install a clutch, and
gear the
transmission down. One problem at a time is the way it goes.
A rectified centrifuge small enough to hold in one hand and powered by
solar
cells, based on my design, could be manufactured for about fifty dollars
(depending on
production and competitive bids). Installed on Skylab, it would be
sufficient to keep the
craft in orbit indefinitely. A larger Hyperspace Drive (as I call this
particular design) will
provide a small but constant acceleration for interplanetary spacecraft
that would
accumulate practical velocities over runs of several days.
It is rumored that a gentleman by the name of Dean invented another kind
of
antigravity engine sometime during the past fifty years, but I have been
unable to track
down any more information except that its design consists of wheels
within wheels. A
gentleman in Florida, Hans, Schnebel, sent me a description of a machine
he built and
tested that is similar in principle to the Dean drive. Essentially, a
large rotating disk has
a smaller rotating disc on one side of the main driving axle. The two
wheels are geared
together so that a weight mounted on the rim of the smaller wheel is
always at the
outside of the larger wheel during the same length of arc of each
revolution, and always
next to the main axle during the opposite arc. What happens is that the
velocity of the
weight is amplified by harmonic coincidence with the large rotor during
one half of its
period of revolution, and diminished during the other half cycle. This
concentrates
momentum in the same quarter continually, to rectify the centrifuge. The
result is
identical to my Hyperspace Drive, but has the beauty of continuously
rotating motion.
Now, if the Dean drive is made with a huge main rotor, - like about
thirty feet in
diameter - there is enough room to mount a series of smaller wheels
around the rim, set
in gimbals for attitude control, an Mr. Dean himself has himself a model
T Flying Saucer
requiring no license from the AEC.
In 1975, Professor Eric Laithwaite, Head of the Department of
Electrical
Engineering at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London,
England,
invented another approach to harnessing the centrifugal force of a
gyroscope to power
an antigravity engine - well, he almost invented it, but he did not have
the sense to hold
onto success when he grasped it. Professor Laithwaite is world-renowned
for his most
creative solutions to the problems of magnetic-levitation-propulsion
systems, and the
fruit of his brain is operating today in Germany and Japan, his railway
trains float in the
air while traveling at over three hundred miles per hour. If anyone can
present the world
with a proven anti gravity engine, it must be the professor.
Laithwaite satisfied himself that the precessional force causing a
gyroscope to
wobble had no reaction. This is a clear violation of Newton?s Third Law
of Motion as
?generally conceived?. Laithwaite figured that if he could engage the
precessional
acceleration while the gyroscope wobbled in one direction and release the
precession
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while it wobble in
other directions, he would be able to demonstrate to a forum of
colleagues and critics at the college a rectified centrifuge that worked
as a proper
antigravity engine. His insight was sound but he did not work it out
right. All he
succeeded in demonstrating was a ?separation between action and
reaction,? and his
engine did nothing but oscillate violently. Unfortunately, neither
Laithwaite or his critics
were looking for a temporal separation between action and reaction, so
the loophole he
proved in Newton?s Third Law was not noticed. Everyone was looking for
action
without reaction, so no one saw anything at all. Innumerable other
inventors have
constructed engines essentially identical to Laithwaite?s, including a
young high school
dropout who lives across the street from me.
Another invention described is U.S. Patent disclosure number 3,653,269,
granted
to Richard Foster, a retired chemical engineer in Louisiana. Foster
mounted his
gyroscopes around the rim of a large rotor disc, like a two cylinder
flying saucer. Every
time the rotor turns a half cycle, the precessional twist of the gyros in
reaction generates
a powerful force. During the half cycle when Foster?s gyros were twisting
in the other
direction, his clutch grabbed and transmitted the power to the driving
wheels. During the
other half cycle, the gyros twisted freely. Foster claims his machine
traveled four miles
per hour until it flew to pieces from centrifugal forces. After examining
the patents, I
agreed that it looked like it would work, and it certainly would fly to
pieces because the
bearing mounts were not nearly strong enough to contain the powerful
twisting forces his
machine generated. Foster?s design, however, cannot be included among
antigravity
engines because it would not operate off the ground. He never claimed it
would, and
Foster always described his invention truthfully as nothing more than an
implementation
of the fourth principle of locomotion.
What Laithwaite needed was another rotary component, like the Dean
drive,
geared to his engine?s oscillations so that they would always be turned
to drive in the
same direction. As it happens, an Italian by the name of Todeschini
recently secured a
patent on this idea, and his working model is said to be attracting the
interest of
European engineers. When the final rectifying device is added to the
essential Laithwaite
design, all the moving parts generate the vectors of a vortex, and the
velocity generated
is the axial thrust of the vortex. Therefore I call inventions based on
this design the
Vortex Drive.
By replacing the Hyperspace modules of the Mark I Flying Saucer with
Vortex
modules, still retaining the essential betatron as the centrifuge,
performance is improved
for the Mark II. To begin with, drive is generated only when the main
rotor is revolving,
so the saucer can be parked with the motor running. This eliminates the
agonizing doubt
we all suffered when the Lunar Landers were about to blast off to rejoin
the command
capsule: Will the engine start? This would explain why the ring of lights
around the rim
of a saucer is said to begin to revolve immediately prior to lift off. A
precessional drive
affords a wider range of control, and the responses are more stable than
a direct
centrifuge. But the most interesting improvement is the result of the
?structure? of the
electromagnetic field generated by the Vortex drive. By amplifying and
diminishing
certain vectors harmonically, the Mark III flying saucer can ride the
electromagnetic
current of the Earth?s electromagnetic field like the jet stream. And
this is just what we
see UFO?s doing, don?t we, as they are reported running their regular
flight corridors
during the biennial tourist season. Professor Laithwaite got all this
together when he
conceived of his antigravity engine as a practical application of his
theory of ?rivers of
energy running through space?; he just could not get it off the drawing
board the first
time.
The flying saucer consumes fuel at a rate that cannot be supplied by all
the wells
in Arabia. Therefore we have to assume that UFO engineers must have
developed a
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practical atomic
fusion reactor. But once the Mark III is perfected, another fuel
supply
becomes attainable, and no other is so practical for flying saucer. The
Moray Valve
converts the Mark III into a Mark IV Flying Saucer by extending its
operational
capabilities through ?time? as well as space. The Moray Valve, you see,
functions by
changing the direction of flow of energy in the Sun?s gravitational
field. It is the velocity
of energy that determines motion, and motion determines the flow of time.
We shall
continue the engineering of flying saucers in the following essays.
My investigation into antigravity engineering brought me a technical
report while
this typescript was in preparation. Dr. Mason Rose, President of the
University for
Social Research, published a paper describing the discoveries of Dr. Paul
Alfred Biefeld,
astronomer and physicist at the California Institute for Advanced
Studies, and his
assistant, Townsend Brown. In 1923 Biefeld discovered that a heavily
charged electrical
condensor moved toward its positive pole when suspended in a
gravitational field. He
assigned Brown to study the effect as a research project. A series of
experiments
showed Brown that the most efficient shape for a field propelled
condensor was a disc
with a central dome. In 1926 Townsend published his paper describing all
the
construction features and flight characteristics of a flying saucer,
conforming to the
testimony of the first flight witnessed over Mount Rainer twenty-one
years later and
corroborated by thousands of witnesses since. (The Biefeld-Brown Effect
explains why a
Mark III rides the electromagnetic jet stream.)
We may speculate that flying saucers spotted from time to time may not
only
include visitors from other planets and travelers through time, but also
fledglings from
an unknown number of cuckoo?s nests in secret experimental plants all
over the world.
The space program at Cape Canaveral may be nothing more than a
supercolossal theatre
orchestrated by Cecil B. Demille to reassure Americans that they are
still ?numero uno?
after Russia beat our atomic ace by putting Sputnik into orbit. We need
not doubt that
the Apollo spaceships got to the Moon, but we may wonder if Neil
Armstrong was the
first man to land there. The real space program may have been conducted
in secret as a
spin-off from the Manhattan Project since the end of World War II, and
Apollo 13 may
have been picked up by a sag wagon to make sure our team scored a home
run every
time they went to bat. The exploration of space is the most dangerous
enterprise ever
taken on by a living species. Don?t you ever wonder why the Russians are
losing men in
space like a safari being decimated in headhunter country, while nothing
ever happens to
our boys except accidents during ground training?